SpringerImages - Life cycle of Adiantum capillus-veneris. Spores are produced in sporangia under the leaves. The protonemal cell grows as a linear tube just after spore germination. If kept under continuous red light or very weak white light it grows as a long protonemal cell without cell division. When illuminated with white light it develops to a heart-shaped prothallium. Protonemata and prothalli are good materials for studying photomorphogenesis. Archegonia and antheridia are produced on the prothalli and sporophytes grow after fertilization of eggs by sperms

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Fig 1

Life cycle of Adiantum capillus-veneris. Spores are produced in sporangia under the leaves. The protonemal cell grows as a linear tube just after spore germination. If kept under continuous red light or very weak white light it grows as a long protonemal cell without cell division. When illuminated with white light it develops to a heart-shaped prothallium. Protonemata and prothalli are good materials for studying photomorphogenesis. Archegonia and antheridia are produced on the prothalli and sporophytes grow after fertilization of eggs by sperms

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Ferns alternate these generations in a more balanced manner, because half their lives are spent in the gametophyte stage, or haplophase, and the other half in the sporophyte stage (Fig. 1 ).

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