SpringerImages - Simulated surface temperature (°C) evolution for northern North America (62–78°N, 115–76°W), shown as deviations from the preindustrial mean (1,000–250 yr BP). a January, b July. The unfiltered results of MAIN are shown by the thin gray line, whereas the thick lines represent the 100-point running averages of MAIN (black) and ICE (dark gray). The preindustrial means for January and July temperatures are −26.6 and 9.0°C, respectively

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Simulated surface temperature (°C) evolution for northern North America (62–78°N, 115–76°W), shown as deviations from the preindustrial mean (1,000–250 yr BP). a January, b July. The unfiltered results of MAIN are shown by the thin gray line, whereas the thick lines represent the 100-point running averages of MAIN (black) and ICE (dark gray). The preindustrial means for January and July temperatures are −26.6 and 9.0°C, respectively

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The long-term temperature trends in northern North America are quite different compared to the trends simulated for northern Europe (Fig. 6 a, b).

This is clearly evident in the temperatures in Scandinavia and North America (Figs. 5 , 6 and Table 1 ), in the different components of the ocean circulation in the Nordic Seas (Fig. 14 and Table 2 ) and in the sea-ice evolution (Table 2 ).

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